SKEMA "AKTAN" DAN MODEL FUNGSIONAL A.J. GREIMAS DALAM CERPEN-CERPEN HEINRICH VON KLEIST

Abstract

ABSTRACT

Heinrich von Kleist’s short stories arrange psychological pressure, social conflict, and the pursuit of justice through intricate relations among characters and forces that drive their actions. This study aims to describe the actantial schemes and functional models that construct the narrative structures of Das Bettelweib von Locarno, Der Findling, Der Zweikampf, Das Erdbeben in Chili, and Die heilige Cäcilie. A qualitative descriptive design was employed using A. J. Greimas’s structural narratology. The data consisted of German-language quotations, dialogue, and narrative passages drawn from the five stories in the digital collection Ausgewählte Schriften. Data were collected through close reading, note-taking, and literature study, then classified according to six actantial positions, that is subject, object, sender, receiver, helper, and opponent and five functional stages comprising the initial situation, qualifying test, main test, glorifying test, and final situation. The analysis identified 37 units, including 32 actantial schemes and five functional models. Twenty-four actantial schemes contained all six positions, whereas eight lacked an explicit position. Der Zweikampf produced the most complex pattern with nine actantial schemes, while the other stories contained five or six. Despite variations in actantial completeness, each story displayed a continuous functional movement from the initial condition through transformation to a final condition. The findings demonstrate that Kleist’s narratives are organized not merely by individual characters but by changing functions, values, social pressures, supernatural forces, and conflicts that occupy actantial positions. Greimas’s framework therefore clarifies both interfunctional relations and the transformation of conflict across the five stories.

Keywords: actantial scheme, functional model, narrative structure, short story

References:

Abdussamad, Z. (2021). Metode Penelitian Kualitatif (P. Rapanna, Ed.). CV. Syakir Media Press.

Afrilla, T., Permadi, T., & Adi Nugroho, R. (2025). Skema aktan dan struktur fungsional A.J. Greimas dalam cerita rakyat Riau “Si Umbut Muda Gelang Banyak.” Jurnal Genre (Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pembelajarannya), 7(1), 42–55. https://doi.org/10.26555/jg.v7i1.10645

Arminingsih, Y. (2022). Analisis Novel Karya Anshela Kajian: Strukturalisme A.J. Greimas.

Greimas, A. Julien. (1987). On meaning : selected writings in semiotic theory. University of Minnesota Press.

Kurniawati, W., Rahman, Y., Saksono, L., Karim, A., & Julaikah, D. I. (2013). Metodologi Penelitian Sastra dan Bahasa. PT Revka Petra Media.

Rahayu, E. (2024). Analisis Naratif Model Aktan pada Karakter Film Oppenheime. Universitas Bina Sarana Informatik.

Rasyid, F. (2022). Metode Penelitian Kualitatif dan Kuantitatif: Teori, Metode, dan Praktek. IAIN Kediri Press.

Rimawan, I., Purba, A., & Oktaviana, K. (2020). Cara Mudah Menulis Cerpen: Bahan Ajar untuk Tingkat SMA Pelajaran Bahasa Indonesia. Guepedia.

Schleifer, R. (1987). A J . Greimas and the nature of meaning: linguistics, semiotics and discourse theory (Vol. 23). Croom Helm Ltd.

Stanton, R. (1965). An Introduction to Fiction. Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

Suwarno, A. K. D. (2012). Analisis Struktural Pada Novel Sirah! Karya A.Y. Suharyono Dan Pembelajarannya di SMA. Universitas Muhamadiyah Purworejo.

Suwondo, T. (2011). Studi Sastra Konsep Dasar Teori dan Penerapannya pada Karya Sastra. Gama Media.

Taum, Y. Y. (2011). Studi Sastra Lisan: Sejarah, Teori, Metode dan Pendekatan disertai Contoh Penerapannya (cet. 1). Lamera.

Umami, E. A. (2023). Actant and Functional Scheme of Greimas in the Short Story Wa Kanat Al-Dunya By Taufiq Al-Hakim. Islah: Journal of Islamic Literature and History, 4(2), 129–146. https://doi.org/10.18326/islah.v4i2.307

Wellek, R. ., & Warren, Austin. (1994). Theory of literature. Harcourt Brace & Company.

Wicaksono, H., & Utari, N. (2024). Penulisan Kreatif Sastra: Puisi, Cerpen, dan Drama. PT. Literasi Nusantara Abadi Grup.