Pengaruh Keterbukaan Perdagangan, Foreign Direct Investment, Pengeluaran Pemerintah, dan Tenaga Kerja terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi 5 Negara ASEAN Tahun 2004-2023

Intan Setyaningrum; Prayudi Setiawan Prabowo

doi:10.26740/independent.v6i2.75922

Authors

Intan Setyaningrum Universitas Negeri Surabaya
Prayudi Setiawan Prabowo Universitas Negeri Surabaya

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.26740/independent.v6i2.75922

Keywords:

Foreign Direct Investment, pertumbuhan ekonomi, keterbukaan perdagangan, pengeluaran pemerintah, tenaga kerja

Abstract

Five ASEAN members Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, and Singapore are examined in this study in relation to trade liberalization, FDI, government spending, labor, and economic growth. The study employs annual panel data from 2004 to 2023 obtained from the World Bank and applies panel data regression analysis. The outcome show that trade openness and FDI contribute positively and significantly to economic growth, while government expenditure and labor force show negative and insignificant effects. Simultaneously, all independent variables significantly influence economic growth. Considering these results, economic policies should focus on enhancing trade openness, strengthening the investment climate to attract FDI, improving the efficiency and quality of government spending, and upgrading labor quality through education and skill development to promote sustainable economic growth in five ASEAN member countries.

Keywords: Economic Growth, Trade Openness, Foreign Direct Investment, Government Expenditure, Labor Force.

JEL: F14, F21, O47

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