Determinan Status Pekerjaan Berdasarkan Tingkat Upah di Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26740/independent.v5i3.74218Kata Kunci:
employment status; wage level; formal and informal sectors; job quality; Sakernas.Abstrak
Kualitas pekerjaan menjadi isu penting dalam pembangunan ketenagakerjaan Indonesia karena dominasi sektor informal dan ketimpangan upah yang menunjukkan bahwa penciptaan kerja belum selalu diikuti peningkatan kualitas kerja. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis determinan status pekerjaan berdasarkan tingkat upah dengan mengelompokkan pekerja ke dalam tiga kategori: informal (base outcome), formal upah rendah, dan formal upah tinggi. Data yang digunakan adalah Survei Angkatan Kerja Nasional (SAKERNAS) 2023 dengan sampel 508.340 penduduk usia kerja (≥15 tahun) yang berstatus bekerja dan memiliki data lengkap. Analisis dilakukan menggunakan regresi logistik multinomial dan diinterpretasikan melalui efek marginal. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa laki-laki, pendidikan menengah dan terutama pendidikan tinggi, tinggal di wilayah perkotaan, serta status jam kerja penuh (full-time) meningkatkan peluang bekerja di sektor formal berupah tinggi. Penyandang disabilitas dan pekerja paruh waktu memiliki peluang lebih rendah untuk mengakses pekerjaan formal berupah tinggi dan lebih rentan berada di sektor informal. Hubungan umur bersifat nonlinier (inverted U-shape), sementara sektor kerja sebelumnya menunjukkan indikasi segmentasi pasar kerja dan mismatch keterampilan. Demikian, kebijakan ketenagakerjaan perlu berfokus tidak hanya pada perluasan kesempatan kerja, tetapi juga peningkatan kualitas pekerjaan melalui penguatan pendidikan, pengembangan keterampilan, perluasan kerja formal yang inklusif, dan pemerataan peluang antarwilayah.
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