RECENT ADVANCES IN GREEN SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES FOR ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTICANCER APPLICATION

Dewi Apsari; Munasir

doi:10.26740/ifi.v15n2.p243-262

Authors

Dewi Apsari Universitas Negeri Surabaya
Munasir

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.26740/ifi.v15n2.p243-262

Keywords:

Perak nanopartikel, sintesis hijau, anti-bakteri, anti-cancer, Ramah lingkungan, Silver nanoparticles, anticancer, eco-friendly, green synthesis, antibacterial

Abstract

Abstrak

Nanopartikel perak (AgNPs) telah menjadi fokus utama dalam bidang nanoteknologi biomedis karena sifat antimikroba, antioksidan, dan sitotoksiknya yang luas. Namun, metode sintesis konvensional berbasis bahan kimia dan fisika seringkali menimbulkan dampak toksik bagi lingkungan serta membatasi aplikasi klinis karena rendahnya biokompatibilitas. Untuk itu, pendekatan green synthesis muncul sebagai alternatif yang lebih aman dan berkelanjutan, menggunakan sumber biologis seperti ekstrak tanaman dan mikroorganisme sebagai agen pereduksi alami. Artikel ini meninjau secara sistematis perkembangan terbaru dalam sintesis hijau AgNPs, dengan penekanan pada keunggulan mekanisme biosintetik dan dampak biologisnya terhadap bakteri patogen serta berbagai lini sel kanker. AgNPs hasil green synthesis terbukti efektif melawan bakteri multiresisten melalui induksi ROS dan disrupsi membran sel, serta menunjukkan efek sitotoksik selektif terhadap sel kanker melalui jalur apoptosis. Kebaruan dari tinjauan ini terletak pada analisis komparatif metode green synthesis terbaru, termasuk pendekatan berbasis tanaman, mikroba, dan teknologi hijau emergen, serta evaluasi mendalam terhadap mekanisme dan efikasi aktivitas antibakteri dan antikanker secara spesifik. Artikel ini juga membahas tantangan dalam standardisasi proses, regulasi, dan prospek klinis ke depan.

Abstract

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have become a major focus in biomedical nanotechnology due to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic properties. However, conventional chemical and physical synthesis methods often generate toxic environmental impacts and limit clinical applications because of their low biocompatibility. Therefore, green synthesis has emerged as a safer and more sustainable alternative, utilizing biological resources such as plant extracts and microorganisms as natural reducing agents. This article systematically reviews recent advances in the eco-friendly synthesis of AgNPs, with particular emphasis on biosynthetic mechanisms and their biological effects against pathogenic bacteria and various cancer cell lines. Green-synthesized AgNPs have demonstrated significant effectiveness against multidrug-resistant bacteria through reactive oxygen species (ROS) induction and cell membrane disruption, while also exhibiting selective cytotoxic effects on cancer cells via apoptosis pathways. The novelty of this review lies in its comparative analysis of recent green synthesis approaches, including plant-mediated, microbial-mediated, and emerging green technologies, together with a comprehensive evaluation of their antibacterial and anticancer mechanisms and efficacy. In addition, this article discusses current challenges related to process standardization, biosafety, regulatory aspects, and future clinical prospects of green-synthesized AgNPs.

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