KONSERVASI TAMAN NASIONAL BROMO TENGGER SEMERU TAHUN 1982-2005: TINJAUAN SOSIAL, EKONOMI, EKOLOGI

Abstract

Abstrak

Perubahan status kawasan Taman Nasional Bromo Tengger Semeru pada tahun 1982 menandai perubahan kebijakan menuju pelestarian alam berbasis konservasi. perubahan tersebut memunculkan dinamika ekologis sekaligus konsekuensi sosial ekonomi bagi masyarakat penyangga. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis latar belakang kebijakan konservasi, implementasinya selama 1982–2005, serta dampaknya terhadap kondisi sosial, ekonomi, dan ekologi kawasan sekitar. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode sejarah melalui tahapan heuristik, kritik sumber, interpretasi, dan historiografi dengan pendekatan ekologi politik serta dukungan ilmu lingkungan. Sumber penelitian meliputi Laporan Tahunan BKSDA IV Malang, laporan pengelolaan TNBTS, serta wawancara masyarakat desa penyangga. Pendirian taman nasional didukung oleh International Union for Conservation of Nature melalui Kongres Taman Nasional III di Bali tahun 1982 dan disahkan secara hukum pada 2005. Implementasi konservasi telah dijalankan seperti pembinaan eksosistem, pembinaan daerah penyangga dan pengamanan kawasan, namun gangguan kawasan hutan terus terjadi. Kebijakan ini berdampak pada sosial, ekonomi masyarakat seperti terjadinya perubahan mata pencaharian dan keterbukaan antar lintas budaya adapun dampak ekologi yang terjadi menimbulkan kerusakan ekosistem kawasan TNBTS.

Kata Kunci : Konservasi, Taman Nasional, Tengger, Bromo Tengger Semeru

Abstract

The change in the status of the Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park in 1982 marked a shift in policy toward nature conservation. This change gave rise to ecological dynamics as well as socioeconomic consequences for the surrounding communities. This study aims to analyze the background of conservation policies, their implementation from 1982 to 2005, and their impacts on the social, economic, and ecological conditions of the surrounding area. The methodology employed is a historical approach through the stages of heuristics, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography, utilizing a political ecology framework and supported by environmental science. Research sources include the Annual Reports of BKSDA IV Malang, TNBTS management reports, and interviews with residents of buffer zone villages. The establishment of the national park was supported by the International Union for Conservation of Nature through the Third World Congress on National Parks in Bali in 1982 and was legally ratified in 2005. Conservation efforts have been implemented, such as ecosystem management, buffer zone development, and area protection; however, disturbances to the forest area continue to occur. These policies have had social and economic impacts on the community, such as changes in livelihoods and increased cultural exchange, while the resulting ecological impacts have caused damage to the TNBTS ecosystem.

Keywords: : Conservation, National Park, Tengger, Bromo Tengger Semeru