Corrections and Retractions

Corrections and Retractions

The Independent Journal of Economics is committed to maintaining the accuracy, integrity, and reliability of the academic record of every published article. We recognize that in the scientific publication process, errors or ethical violations may occasionally occur that require corrective action for the benefit of the scientific community and the public.

The following is our policy regarding handling corrections, expressions of concern, and retractions:

  1. Corrections

Corrections are made to correct errors identified after the article is published, as long as the error does not undermine the substance or main scientific conclusions of the research.

  • Published if the error originates from the publisher/editor's editing or layout process (e.g., typos in author names, table data, or contact numbers).
  • Published if the error originates from the author's side (e.g., omission of acknowledgments/funding sources, minor errors in data calculations, or corrections to figures).

Correction Mechanism:

  • A correction notice will be published in the current issue and linked directly to the original article.
  • The original version of the article on the OJS website will be updated with a revised version, complete with a history of the date of the change and an explanatory note regarding the corrected section.
  1. Expression of Concern

An Expression of Concern is issued by the Editorial Board in special circumstances, including:

  • There is a strong indication of an ethical violation or data inaccuracy, but the available evidence is not yet conclusive enough to retract the article.
  • An investigation into the alleged ethical or research integrity violation is underway by the author's institution/university or the Editorial Board, and this process may take considerable time.

This statement aims to provide early warning to readers until the official investigation is completed and a final decision is made.

  1. Retractions

Retractions are issued when the research results or findings in the article are proven to be unreliable, scientifically flawed, or seriously violate Publication Ethics.

Retraction Criteria:

  • Evidence of data manipulation, fabrication/falsification, or significant errors that invalidate the article's main conclusions.
  • Evidence of serious plagiarism, duplicate/redundant publication, or copyright infringement.
  • Evidence of serious research ethics violations (e.g., lack of ethics committee approval or subject consent).
  • Authors do not have the right or authority to own the published data.

Retraction Procedure

  • A separate Retraction Notice will be prepared, titled "Retraction: [Article Title]," and published in the current issue and officially indexed.
  • The original article in PDF format will remain on the OJS portal to maintain the scholarly record, but will be prominently watermarked with "RETRACTED" on every page.
  • The original text of the article will not be removed from the system unless there is a court order or a serious risk of legal violation.
  1. Submission and Reporting

Authors, readers, or third parties who discover potential errors or ethical violations in a published article are encouraged to immediately contact the Editorial Board via the journal's official email address, along with clear and objective supporting evidence. All reports will be handled confidentially, fairly, and transparently.