ARTICLE REVIEW: FERMENTATION TECHNOLOGY L-LYSINE AND APPLICATION AS A FEED ADDITIVE
Keywords:
L-lysine, fermentation, feed additive
Abstract
L-lysine is an essential amino acid used in various sectors of the food, chemical and pharmaceutical industries. L-lysine has significant commercial value as a feed additive to promote growth and health in livestock. L-lysine can be produced through two main methods, namely chemical synthesis and microbial fermentation. The demand for L-lysine has been steadily increasing in recent years and is produced every year throughout the world almost through microbial fermentation. L-lysine production through microbial fermentation has the advantage of producing by-products that are non-toxic and have high commercial value. In general, L-lysine is produced using heterotrophic bacterial strains, such as Escherichia coli and Corynebacterium glutamicum. Fermentation time, pH, temperature, glucose concentration, air flow rate and aeration rate are the most important factors in the fermentation process. The L-lysine fermentation process is divided into four parts, namely molasses preparation; preparation of culture media; fermentation; and purification. L-lysine is separated and purified by appropriate downstream processes, involving classical separation or extraction methods (ultrafiltration or centrifugation, ion exchange separation or extraction, crystallization, drying) and sold as powder. Adding L-lysine to feed can improve feed quality. L-lysine can provide benefits in the form of accelerating growth and shortening the production period, so that operational costs can be reduced. This review article discusses L-lysine production, factors influencing L-lysine fermentation, and its application as a feed additive.
References
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[23] A. Javed, A. Javed and S. Rezaei-Zarchi, "Optimization and hyper-expressed production of lysine through chemical mutagenesis of Brevibacterium flavum by N-nitroso-N-ethylurea," African Journal of Microbiology Research, vol. 5, no. 29, pp. 5230-5238, 2011.
[24] A. I. El-Batal and R. Al-Habib, "Production of L-lysine by Brevibacterium lactofermentum and its application in ecofriendly synthesis of gold nanoparticles using gamma radiation," Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 141-149, 2014.
[25] A. Hussein, H. Mukhtar and I. U. Haq, "Biosynthesis of L-Lysine by Bacillus Megaterium Through Submerged Fermentation," Pak. J. Bot, pp. 2183-2189, 2020.
[26] F. Fazius, E. Shelest, P. Gebhardt and M. Brock, "The fungal a-aminoadipate pathway for lysine biosynthesis requires two enzymes of the aconitase family for the isomerization of homocitrate to homoisocitrate," Molecular Microbiology, vol. 86, no. 6, p. 1508–1530, 2012.
[27] Y. Liu, S. Xie and J. Yu, "Genome-Wide Analysis of the Lysine Biosynthesis Pathway Network during Maize Seed Development," PLOS ONE, 2016.
[28] H.-Y. Sagong and K.-J. Kim, "Structural basis for redox sensitivity in Corynebacterium glutamicum diaminopimelate epimerase: an enzyme involved in l-lysine biosynthesis," Scientific Reports , 2017.
[29] J.-Z. Xu, H.-Z. Ruan, L.-M. Liu, L.-P. Wang and W.-G. Zhang, "Overexpression of thermostable meso-diaminopimelate dehydrogenase to redirect diaminopimelate pathway for increasing L-lysine production in Escherichia coli.," Scientific Reports, 2019.
[30] B. Vanasi, L. Eppakayala and R. Malothu, "L Lysine Production by Chemical Mutagenesis of Homoserine Dehidrogenase of DDH Gene in Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC13032," Rasayan J. Chem, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 1245-1261, 2020.
[31] M. A. Razak and B. Viswanath, "Optimization of fermentation upstream parameters and immobilization of Corynebacterium glutamicum MH 20-22 B cells to enhance the production of L-lysine," 3 Biotech, 2014.
[32] T. Ilkova and M. Petrov, "L-lysine Neuro-Dynamic Optimal Control," Global Journal of Medical research, vol. 11, no. 4, 2011.
[33] Hussain, Amjed, H. Mukhtar and Ikram-Ul-Haq, "Optimization of Fermentation Medium for L-Lysine Production by Corynebacterium glutamicum," Pak. J. Bot, pp. 345-349, 2015.
[34] A. I. El-Batal and R. Al-Habib, "Production of L-lysine by Brevibacterium lactofermentum and its application in ecofriendly synthesis of gold nanoparticles using gamma radiation," Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 141-149, 2014.
[35] K. A. Abou-taleb, "In addition to physical parameters like pH, agitation and spp. Using Batch and Fed-batch Fermentation spp. Using Batch and Fed-batch Fermentation spp. Using Batch and Fed-batch Fermentation Strategies," British Microbiology Research Journal, pp. 257-272, 2015.
[36] S. Ahmed, M. Afzal and M. I. Rajoka, "Kinetic and thermodynamic characterization of lysine production process in Brevibacterium lactofermentum," Appl Biochem Biotechnol, p. 81–90, 2013.
[37] J.-Z. Xu, H.-Z. Ruan, H.-B. Yu, L.-M. Liu and W. Zhang, "Metabolic engineering of carbohydrate metabolism systems in Corynebacterium glutamicum for improving the efficiency of L-lysine production from mixed sugar," Microb Cell Fact, pp. 19-39, 2020.
[38] D. Rachmawati, Sarjito, P. Y. Anwar and S. Windarto, "Pengaruh Penambahan Asam Amino Lisin pada Pakan Komersil terhadap Efisiensi Pemanfaatan Pakan, Pertumbuhan, dan Kelulushidupan Udang Vaname (Litopenaeus vannamei)," Jurnal Kelautan Tropis, vol. 23, pp. 388-396, 2020.
[39] A. Khalida, Agustono and W. Paramita, "Penambahan Lisin Pada Pakan Komersial Terhadap Retensi Protein dan Retensi Energi Ikan Bawal Air Tawar (Colossoma Macropomum)," Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan, pp. 98-107, 2017.
[40] B. N. K. Amiruddin, Sudiyono and A. Ratriyanto, "Pengaruh Suplementasi Lisin terhadap Karakteristik Karkas Itik Lokal Jantan Umur Sepuluh Minggu," Sains Peternakan, vol. 9 (1), pp. 15-19, 2011.
[41] F. Zhou, Q.-j. Shao, J.-x. Xiao, X. Peng, B.-O. Ngandzali, Z. Sun and W.-K. Ng, "Effects of dietary arginine and lysine levels on growth performance, nutrient utilization and tissue biochemical profile of black sea bream,Acanthopagrus schlegelii, fingerlings," Aquaculture, p. 72–80, 2011.
[42] A. Rizkuna, U. Atmomarsono and D. Sunarti, "Evaluasi Pertumbuhan Tulang Ayam Kampung Umur 0-6 Minggu dengan Taraf Protein dan Suplemetasi Lisin dalam Ransum," JITP, pp. 121-125, 2014.
[43] R. Funana, C. V. Lisnahan and A. A. Dethan, "Profil Pengaruh Suplementasi L-Lysine HCl dalam Pakan terhadap Dimensi Tubuh Ayam Broiler," Journal of Animal Science, vol. 5, no. 4, p. 61–63, 2020.
[44] P. A. Permana, V. D. Yunianto and U. Atmomarsono, "Pengaruh Taraf Protein dan Lisin Ransum Terhadap Performans Produksi Ayam Kampung," Animal Agriculture Journal , pp. 113-120, 2014.
[45] A. F. Tantri, B. S. Rahardja and Agustono, "Penambahan Lisin Pada Pakan Komersial Terhadap Retensi Protein dan Retensi Energi Udang Galah (Macrobrachium Rosenbergii)," Journal of Aquaculture and Fish Health, vol. 5, pp. 36-42, 2016.
[46] I. N. A. B. Dita, N. K. S. Rukmini and N. M. Yudiastari, "The Effect of Amino Acids Lysine and Methionine on the Carcass of Native Chickens," SEAS (Sustainable Environment Agricultural Science), vol. 4, pp. 157-161, 2020.
[47] R. Venkatesha, K. Srinivasan and S. A. Singh, "Effect of arginine:lysine and glycine:methionine intake ratios on dyslipidemia and selected biomarkers implicated in cardiovascular disease: A study with hypercholesterolemic rats," Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 91, p. 408–414, 2017.
[48] X. Wang, L. Yang, W. Cao, H. Ying, K. Chen and P. Ouyang, "Efficient Production of Enantiopure D‐Lysine from L‐Lysine by a Two‐Enzyme Cascade System," Catalysts, 2016.
[49] J. Xu, J. Zhang, Y. Guo, Y. Zai and W. Zhang, "Improvement of cell growth and L-lysine production by genetically modified Corynebacterium glutamicum during growth on molasses," J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol, vol. 40, no. 14, pp. 23-32, 2013.
[2] V. A. Ranjani, G. T. Rani, K. Menaka, B. Omkaraiah and B. Jayasree, "Production and Characterization of L-Lysine by Small Scale Laboratory Culture Method by Selected Microorgansm," Journal of Pharma Research, vol. 8, no. 6, 2019.
[3] O. J. and E. I. A., "Screening for Lysine Production by Bacteria Isolated From Nigerian Soil," World Wide Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, pp. 10-18, 2019.
[4] L. Eggeling and M. Bott, "A giant market and a powerful metabolism: L-lysine provided by Corynebacterium glutamicum," Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 2015.
[5] O. A. Reza and T. L. Arenas, "Comprehensive assessment of the L-lysine production process from fermentation of sugarcane molasses," Bioprocess Biosyst Eng, 2017.
[6] B. S. Rao, Muralidhararao and AV.N.Swamy, "Studies on Continuous Production Kinetics of Lysine by Immobilized Corynebacterium glutamicum 13032," Middle-east-Journal of Scientific Research, pp. 235-240, 2011.
[7] A. Yoshida, T. Tomita, T. Kuzuyama and M. Nishiyama, "Mechanism of Concerted Inhibition of a," Journal Of Biological Chemistry α₂β₂ - type Hetero-oligomeric Aspartat Kinase from Corynebacterium glutamicum, vol. 285, no. 35, pp. 27477-27486, 2010.
[8] O. J. and E. I. A., "Studies on Lysine Accumulation in the Broth Culture of Bacillus Species using Carbohydrates as Carbon Sources and Seed Meals as Nitrogen Sources," International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD), vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 760-772, 2019.
[9] M. Anusree and K. M. Nampoothiri, "Biosynthesis, recovery and purification of L-lysine from jackfruit seed (JFS) hydrolysate by Corynebacterium glutamicum DM 1729," Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnolog, 2015.
[10] J. Cheng, Y. Huang, L. Mi, W. Chen, D. Wang and Q. Wang, "An economically and environmentally acceptable synthesis of chiral drug intermediate l pipecolic acid from biomass derived lysine via artifcially engineered microbes," Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology, 2018.
[11] K. Hua, "Investigating the appropriate mode of expressing lysine requirement of fish through non-linear mixed model analysis and multilevel analysis.," British Journal of Nutrition, vol. 109, p. 1013–1021, 2013.
[12] S. F. Liao, T. Wang and N. Regmi, "Lysine nutrition in swine and the related monogastric animals: muscle protein biosynthesis and beyond," Springerplus, 2015.
[13] E. Aristasari, R. A. N. ‘Aini, W. Nopita, Agustono, M. Lamid and M. A. Al-Arif, "The growth, protein content, and fatty acid of catfish meat (pangasius sp.) With the addition of different lysine doses in commercial feed," IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science, p. 441, 2020.
[14] C. J. Hall and T. P. S. d. Costa, "Lysine: biosynthesis, catabolism and roles," WikiJournal of Science, vol. 1, no. 1, 2018.
[15] K. Ivanov, A. Stoimenova, D. Obreshkova and L. Saso, "Biotechnology in the Production of Pharmaceutical Industry Ingredients: Amino Acids," Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment, pp. 3620-3626, 2013.
[16] F. Pérez-García, P. Peters-Wendisch and V. F. Wendisch, "Engineering Corynebacterium glutamicum for fast production of L-lysine and L-pipecolic acid," Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, p. 8075–8090, 2016.
[17] J. Xu, M. Han, J. Zhang, Y. Guo and W. Zhang, "Metabolic engineering Corynebacterium glutamicum Metabolic engineering Corynebacterium glutamicum flux into L-lysine biosynthetic pathway," Amino Acids, p. 2165–2175, 2014.
[18] J.-Z. Xu, Z.-H. Wu, S.-J. Gao and W. Zhang, "Rational modification of tricarboxylic acid cycle for improving L-lysine production in Corynebacterium glutamicum.," Microb Cell Fact, 2018.
[19] Y. Wang, Q. Li, P. Zheng, Y. Guo, L. Wang, T. Zhang, J. Sun and Y. Ma, "Evolving the L-lysine high-producing strain of Escherichia coli using a newly developed high-throughput screening method," J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol, 2016.
[20] J. Becker, O. Zelder, S. Häfner, H. Schröder and C. Wittmann, "From zero to hero--design-based systems metabolic engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum for L-lysine production," Metab Eng, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 159-168, 2011.
[21] H. Ying, X. He, Y. Li, K. Chen and P. Ouyang, "Optimization of Culture Conditions for Enhanced Lysine Production Using Engineered Escherichia coli," Appl Biochem Biotechnol, pp. 35-43, 2014.
[22] J. z. Xu, M. Han, X. Ren and W. Zhang, "Modification of aspartokinase III and dihydrodipicolinate synthetase increases the production of l-lysine in Escherichia coli," Biochemical Engineering Journal, vol. 114, pp. 79-86, 2016.
[23] A. Javed, A. Javed and S. Rezaei-Zarchi, "Optimization and hyper-expressed production of lysine through chemical mutagenesis of Brevibacterium flavum by N-nitroso-N-ethylurea," African Journal of Microbiology Research, vol. 5, no. 29, pp. 5230-5238, 2011.
[24] A. I. El-Batal and R. Al-Habib, "Production of L-lysine by Brevibacterium lactofermentum and its application in ecofriendly synthesis of gold nanoparticles using gamma radiation," Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 141-149, 2014.
[25] A. Hussein, H. Mukhtar and I. U. Haq, "Biosynthesis of L-Lysine by Bacillus Megaterium Through Submerged Fermentation," Pak. J. Bot, pp. 2183-2189, 2020.
[26] F. Fazius, E. Shelest, P. Gebhardt and M. Brock, "The fungal a-aminoadipate pathway for lysine biosynthesis requires two enzymes of the aconitase family for the isomerization of homocitrate to homoisocitrate," Molecular Microbiology, vol. 86, no. 6, p. 1508–1530, 2012.
[27] Y. Liu, S. Xie and J. Yu, "Genome-Wide Analysis of the Lysine Biosynthesis Pathway Network during Maize Seed Development," PLOS ONE, 2016.
[28] H.-Y. Sagong and K.-J. Kim, "Structural basis for redox sensitivity in Corynebacterium glutamicum diaminopimelate epimerase: an enzyme involved in l-lysine biosynthesis," Scientific Reports , 2017.
[29] J.-Z. Xu, H.-Z. Ruan, L.-M. Liu, L.-P. Wang and W.-G. Zhang, "Overexpression of thermostable meso-diaminopimelate dehydrogenase to redirect diaminopimelate pathway for increasing L-lysine production in Escherichia coli.," Scientific Reports, 2019.
[30] B. Vanasi, L. Eppakayala and R. Malothu, "L Lysine Production by Chemical Mutagenesis of Homoserine Dehidrogenase of DDH Gene in Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC13032," Rasayan J. Chem, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 1245-1261, 2020.
[31] M. A. Razak and B. Viswanath, "Optimization of fermentation upstream parameters and immobilization of Corynebacterium glutamicum MH 20-22 B cells to enhance the production of L-lysine," 3 Biotech, 2014.
[32] T. Ilkova and M. Petrov, "L-lysine Neuro-Dynamic Optimal Control," Global Journal of Medical research, vol. 11, no. 4, 2011.
[33] Hussain, Amjed, H. Mukhtar and Ikram-Ul-Haq, "Optimization of Fermentation Medium for L-Lysine Production by Corynebacterium glutamicum," Pak. J. Bot, pp. 345-349, 2015.
[34] A. I. El-Batal and R. Al-Habib, "Production of L-lysine by Brevibacterium lactofermentum and its application in ecofriendly synthesis of gold nanoparticles using gamma radiation," Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 141-149, 2014.
[35] K. A. Abou-taleb, "In addition to physical parameters like pH, agitation and spp. Using Batch and Fed-batch Fermentation spp. Using Batch and Fed-batch Fermentation spp. Using Batch and Fed-batch Fermentation Strategies," British Microbiology Research Journal, pp. 257-272, 2015.
[36] S. Ahmed, M. Afzal and M. I. Rajoka, "Kinetic and thermodynamic characterization of lysine production process in Brevibacterium lactofermentum," Appl Biochem Biotechnol, p. 81–90, 2013.
[37] J.-Z. Xu, H.-Z. Ruan, H.-B. Yu, L.-M. Liu and W. Zhang, "Metabolic engineering of carbohydrate metabolism systems in Corynebacterium glutamicum for improving the efficiency of L-lysine production from mixed sugar," Microb Cell Fact, pp. 19-39, 2020.
[38] D. Rachmawati, Sarjito, P. Y. Anwar and S. Windarto, "Pengaruh Penambahan Asam Amino Lisin pada Pakan Komersil terhadap Efisiensi Pemanfaatan Pakan, Pertumbuhan, dan Kelulushidupan Udang Vaname (Litopenaeus vannamei)," Jurnal Kelautan Tropis, vol. 23, pp. 388-396, 2020.
[39] A. Khalida, Agustono and W. Paramita, "Penambahan Lisin Pada Pakan Komersial Terhadap Retensi Protein dan Retensi Energi Ikan Bawal Air Tawar (Colossoma Macropomum)," Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan, pp. 98-107, 2017.
[40] B. N. K. Amiruddin, Sudiyono and A. Ratriyanto, "Pengaruh Suplementasi Lisin terhadap Karakteristik Karkas Itik Lokal Jantan Umur Sepuluh Minggu," Sains Peternakan, vol. 9 (1), pp. 15-19, 2011.
[41] F. Zhou, Q.-j. Shao, J.-x. Xiao, X. Peng, B.-O. Ngandzali, Z. Sun and W.-K. Ng, "Effects of dietary arginine and lysine levels on growth performance, nutrient utilization and tissue biochemical profile of black sea bream,Acanthopagrus schlegelii, fingerlings," Aquaculture, p. 72–80, 2011.
[42] A. Rizkuna, U. Atmomarsono and D. Sunarti, "Evaluasi Pertumbuhan Tulang Ayam Kampung Umur 0-6 Minggu dengan Taraf Protein dan Suplemetasi Lisin dalam Ransum," JITP, pp. 121-125, 2014.
[43] R. Funana, C. V. Lisnahan and A. A. Dethan, "Profil Pengaruh Suplementasi L-Lysine HCl dalam Pakan terhadap Dimensi Tubuh Ayam Broiler," Journal of Animal Science, vol. 5, no. 4, p. 61–63, 2020.
[44] P. A. Permana, V. D. Yunianto and U. Atmomarsono, "Pengaruh Taraf Protein dan Lisin Ransum Terhadap Performans Produksi Ayam Kampung," Animal Agriculture Journal , pp. 113-120, 2014.
[45] A. F. Tantri, B. S. Rahardja and Agustono, "Penambahan Lisin Pada Pakan Komersial Terhadap Retensi Protein dan Retensi Energi Udang Galah (Macrobrachium Rosenbergii)," Journal of Aquaculture and Fish Health, vol. 5, pp. 36-42, 2016.
[46] I. N. A. B. Dita, N. K. S. Rukmini and N. M. Yudiastari, "The Effect of Amino Acids Lysine and Methionine on the Carcass of Native Chickens," SEAS (Sustainable Environment Agricultural Science), vol. 4, pp. 157-161, 2020.
[47] R. Venkatesha, K. Srinivasan and S. A. Singh, "Effect of arginine:lysine and glycine:methionine intake ratios on dyslipidemia and selected biomarkers implicated in cardiovascular disease: A study with hypercholesterolemic rats," Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 91, p. 408–414, 2017.
[48] X. Wang, L. Yang, W. Cao, H. Ying, K. Chen and P. Ouyang, "Efficient Production of Enantiopure D‐Lysine from L‐Lysine by a Two‐Enzyme Cascade System," Catalysts, 2016.
[49] J. Xu, J. Zhang, Y. Guo, Y. Zai and W. Zhang, "Improvement of cell growth and L-lysine production by genetically modified Corynebacterium glutamicum during growth on molasses," J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol, vol. 40, no. 14, pp. 23-32, 2013.
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2023-09-22
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