SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTHERIZATION OF UREA SLOW RELEASE FERTILIZER (SRF) WITH CHITOSAN MODIFIED BY PVA/CaCO3 MATRIX
Main Article Content
Abstract
Urea fertilizer is widely used in the agricultural due to its high content of nitrogen (±46%). However, only 30-40% of nitrogen that is effectively absorbed by plants, while the remainder is lost to the environment. Therefore, the development of SRF offers a potential solution to improve the efficiency utilization of urea fertilizer. In this study, urea based SRF was successfully synthesized using the casting method which is the urea with concentration of 0, 1000, 2000 and 3000 ppm was coated with chitosan which modified by PVA/CaCO3. In addition to synthesis, the urea SRF was also characterized through swelling and porosity test showed that the higher the concentration of urea that added, the lower of swelling degree and %porosity of the urea SRF. Meanwhile, the result of the urea release test indicated that when the urea concentration increased led to a higher urea release rate, resulting in a greater percentage of urea release.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
[1] S. Swify, R. Mažeika, J. Baltrusaitis, D. Drapanauskaitė, and K. Barčauskaitė, “Review: Modified Urea Fertilizers and Their Effects on Improving Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE),” Sustainability, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 1–20, 2024, doi: 10.3390/su16010188.
[2] Jayanudin et al., “Preparation of Chitosan Microspheres as Carrier Material to Controlled Release of Urea Fertilizer,” S Afr J Chem Eng, vol. 38, pp. 70–77, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.sajce.2021.08.005.
[3] S. Saajan, R. Thakur, T. Sharma, and A. Kaur, “Effect of nitrogen on growth and yield of medicinal plants: A review paper,” European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, vol. 07, no. 07, pp. 2771–2776, 2022, [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358284287
[4] X. Wang et al., “Advances in controlled-release fertilizer encapsulated by organic-inorganic composite membranes,” Particuology, vol. 84, pp. 236–248, Jan. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.partic.2023.06.019.
[5] B. Beig, M. B. K. Niazi, Z. Jahan, A. Hussain, M. H. Zia, and M. T. Mehran, “Coating materials for slow release of nitrogen from urea fertilizer: a review,” J Plant Nutr, vol. 43, no. 10, pp. 1510–1533, 2020, doi: 10.1080/01904167.2020.1744647.
[6] S. E. Cahyaningrum, R. A. Lusiana, and Taufik Abdillah Natsir, “Synthesis and characterization of Chitosan-Modified Membrane For Urea Slow-Release Fertilizers,” Heliyon, vol. 10, pp. 1–12, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34981.
[7] M. E. A. El-Aziz, D. M. Salama, S. M. M. Morsi, A. M. Youssef, and M. El-Sakhawy, “Development of Polymer Composites and Encapsulation Technology for Slow-Release Fertilizers,” Reviews in Chemical Engineering, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 603–616, 2022, doi: 10.1515/revce-2020-0044.
[8] R. Sulistyo and D. Lestari, “Fertilizer Encapsulation to Support Food Security: Review,” Adv Biol Sci Res, vol. 9, pp. 284–288, 2021.
[9] A. R. Wijayanti and S. E. Cahyaningrum, “Effect of Urea Variation Concentration on Slow Release Fertilizer (SRF) Based Chitosan/NaTPP/Calcium,” Jurnal Pijar Mipa, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 893–897, 2024, doi: 10.29303/jpm.v19i5.7401.
[10] C. Ardean et al., “Factors Influencing The Antibacterial Activity of Chitosan and Chitosan Modified by Functionalization,” Int J Mol Sci, vol. 22, no. 14, 2021, doi: 10.3390/ijms22147449.
[11] R. A. Lusiana, P. W. Mariyono, H. Muhtar, S. E. Cahyaningrum, T. A. Natsir, and L. Efiyanti, “Environmentally friendly slow-release urea fertilizer based on modified chitosan membrane,” Environ Nanotechnol Monit Manag, vol. 22, pp. 1–10, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.enmm.2024.100996.
[12] M. Karbeka, Z. A. Mautuka, D. Oktovina, and T. Lily, “Sintesis Pupuk Lepas Lambat Berbasis Kitosan-Biochar-Urea Sebagai Material Potensial Pelepasan Nitrogen,” Lantanida Journal, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 113–123, 2024.
[13] A. Than Htwe, H. Wutt Yee Htun, and D. Hla Ngwe, “Synthesis of Chitosan Based Poly Vinyl Alcohol Hydrogel for Loading with Controlled-Release Fertilizer,” Polymers and Polymer Composites, vol. 16, no. 1, 2018.
[14] D. fadia Zatalini, E. Hendradi, Philip Drake, and R. Sari, “The Effect of Chitosan and Polyvinyl Alcohol Combination on Physical Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Chitosan-PVA-Aloe vera Film,” Jurnal Farmasi dan Ilmu Kefarmasian Indonesia, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 151–161, 2023, doi: 10.20473/jfiki.v10i22023.151-161.
[15] P. T. Vo et al., “The Nitrogen Slow-Release Fertilizer Based on Urea Incorporating Chitosan and Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Blend,” Environ Technol Innov, vol. 22, pp. 1–13, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.eti.2021.101528.
[16] S. A. Ambarwati, N. A. Hidayati, and H. P. Hutapea, “Sintesis Membran Kitosan/Poli Vinil Alkohol (PVA) Untuk Menurunkan Kadar Limbah Pewarna Tekstil,” Dalton : Jurnal Pendidikan Kimia dan Ilmu Kimia, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 75–79, 2024, doi: 10.31602/dl.v7i1.14360.
[17] N. Stanley and B. Mahanty, “Preparation and Characterization of Biogenic CaCO3-reinforced Polyvinyl alcohol–Alginate Hydrogel as Controlled-Release Urea Formulation,” Polymer Bulletin, vol. 77, no. 2, pp. 529–540, 2020, doi: 10.1007/s00289-019-02763-6.
[18] Y. Q. Niu et al., “Calcium Carbonate: Controlled Synthesis, Surface Functionalization, and Nanostructured Materials,” Chem Soc Rev, vol. 51, no. 18, pp. 7883–7943, 2022, doi: 10.1039/d1cs00519g.
[19] B. Liu, J. Zhang, and H. Guo, “Research Progress of Polyvinyl Alcohol Water-Resistant Film Materials,” Membranes (Basel), vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 1–13, 2022, doi: 10.3390/membranes12030347.
[20] I. Kong, K. Y. Tshai, and M. E. Hoque, “Manufacturing of Natural Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Composites by Solvent Casting Method,” Manufacturing of Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites, pp. 331–349, 2015, doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-07944-8_16.
[21] R. A. Lusiana, K. Khabibi, R. Nuryanto, and M. R. S. Al Aziz, “Development and Characterization of a Chitosan and Polyvinyl Alcohol (CS/PVP)-Based Slow-Release Urea Fertilizer Membrane,” Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi, vol. 27, no. 10, pp. 470–476, 2024, doi: 10.14710/jksa.27.10.470-476.
[22] D. Lawrencia et al., “Controlled Release Fertilizers: A Review on Coating Materials and Mechanism of Release,” Plants, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 1–26, 2021, doi: 10.3390/plants10020238.
[23] S. Chen et al., “Hydrophobically Modified Water-Based Polymer for Slow-Release Urea Formulation,” Prog Org Coat, vol. 149, pp. 1–10, 2020.
[24] S. Jiang et al., “Preparation and Characterization of Slow-Release Fertilizer Through Coating Acrylate Epoxidized Soybean Oil,” Environ Technol Innov, vol. 34, pp. 1–14, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.eti.2024.103626.
[25] M. R. Hussain, R. R. Devi, and T. K. Maji, “Controlled Release of Urea from Chitosan Microspheres Prepared by Emulsification and Cross-linking Method,” Iranian Polymer Journal (English Edition), vol. 21, no. 8, pp. 473–479, 2012, doi: 10.1007/s13726-012-0051-0.