REVIEW ARTICLE: ETHANOL EXTRACT CONTENT OF BETEL LEAVES (Piper Betle L) AS AN ANTIOXIDANT
Main Article Content
Abstract
Betel leaf (Piper betle L.) is an Indonesian medicinal plant rich in secondary metabolites with strong natural antioxidant potential. This literature review aimed to analyze the antioxidant activity of major bioactive compounds in betel leaf and to identify the most potent constituents. Relevant articles were collected from PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct using the keywords Piper betle and “antioxidant activity,” focusing on studies employing the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay. Antioxidant activity was expressed as IC₅₀, the concentration required to scavenge 50 % of free radicals. Results demonstrated an inverse relationship between IC₅₀ and antioxidant strength. Compounds with very strong activity included eugenol (18.27 µg/mL), hydroxychavicol (22.50 µg/mL), and total phenolics (21.48 µg/mL). Total flavonoids (35.20 µg/mL) and tannins (42.76 µg/mL) showed strong activity, whereas saponins (53.10 µg/mL) and alkaloids (60.25 µg/mL) were moderate. These findings highlight phenolic constituents—particularly eugenol and hydroxychavicol—as the main contributors to the antioxidant potential of Piper betle ethanol extract and support its use as a natural antioxidant source
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
[1] Z. Aksu, “Application of biosorption for the removal of organic pollutants: a review,” Process Biochemistry, vol. 40, pp. 997–1026, 2005.
[2] S.J. Allen, Q. Gan, and R. Matthews, “Kinetic modeling of the adsorption of basic dyes by kudzu,” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, vol. 286, pp. 101–109, 2005.
[3] Amesha and R. Shitty, “Metal anion removal from wastewater using chitosan in polymer enhanced diafiltration system,” International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, vol. 43, pp. 467–474, 2006.
[4] W. Astuti, L. Rahmawati, and B. Prasetyo, Aktivitas antioksidan tanin dari ekstrak etanol daun sirih (Piper betle L.) menggunakan metode DPPH. Jurnal Fitokimia Indonesia, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 45–52, 2017.
[5] M. Benavente, & L. Ru, “Improving the properties of chitosan as support for the covalent multipoint immobilization of chymotrypsin” Biomacromolecules, vol. 9, no. (8), pp. 2170–2179, 2008.
[6] G. Cardenas, P. Orlando, & T. Edelio, “Synthesis and applications of chitosan mercaptanes as heavy metal retention agent,” International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, vol 28, pp. 167–174, 2001.
[7] D. Chakraborty, and B. Shah, “Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Piper betle L. leaf extracts,” Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, vol. 5, no. 19, pp. 4851–4858, 2011.
[8] D. Choudhury, S. Saha, and R. Sharma, “Hydroxychavicol as a potent antioxidant compound from Piper betle L.,” Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, vol. 2, no. 9, pp. 694–700, 2012.
[9] P. Ding, L. Huang, K. Liu, and W. Zeng, “Contribution to the study of complexes of copper by chitosan an oligomer,” Journal of Polymer Science, vol. 43, pp. 1267–1276, 2002.
[10] L. O. Franco, R. C. Maia, and A. L. Porto, “Heavy metal biosorption by chitin and chitosan isolated from Cunninghamella elegans,” Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, vol. 35, pp. 243–247, 2004.
[11] S. Ghosh, et al. “Phytochemical and pharmacological profile of Piper betle L.: a review,” International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 1–9, 2014.
[12] T. Gotoh, and A. Matsushima “Preparation of alginate–chitosan hybrid gel beads and adsorption of divalent metal ions,” Chemosphere, vol. 55, pp. 135–140, 2004.
[13] P. Guha, “Betel leaf: the neglected green gold of India,” Journal of Human Ecology, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 87–93, 2006.
[14] E. Guibal, C. Milot, & J. M. Tobin, “Interactions of metal ions with chitosan-based sorbent: a review,” Separation and Purification Technology, vol. 38, pp. 43–74, 2004.
[15] M. Hong, and S. P. Meyers, “Crawfish chitosan as a coagulant in recovery of organic compounds from seafood processing stream,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 37, pp. 580–583, 1989.
[16] C. Kavitha, & P. Perumal, “Relationship between IC50 values and antioxidant activity: a critical review,” International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, vol. 52, no. 1, 45–51.
[17] I. Kusumawati, et al. “Peran antioksidan dalam menghambat oksidasi lipid,” Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Pangan, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 23–30, 2021.
[18] V. Lobo, et al. “Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: impact on human health,” Pharmacognosy Reviews, vol. 4, no. 8, pp. 118–126, 2010.
[19] S. Nurjanah, N. Maulina, and T. Rahayu, “Penentuan kadar fenolik total dan aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak etanol daun sirih (Piper betle L.) dengan metode DPPH,” Jurnal Kimia dan Sains, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 11–17, 2018.
[20] L. A. Pham-Huy, H. He, & C. Pham-Huy, “Free radicals, antioxidants in disease and health,” International Journal of Biomedical Science, vol. 4 nol. 2, pp. 89–96, 2008.
[21] D. Praditya, H. Permana, & R. Rukmana, “Eugenol sebagai senyawa utama minyak atsiri daun sirih dan aktivitas antioksidannya,” Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian Indonesia, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 202–210, 2019.
[22] S. Qonitah, et al. “Pemanfaatan antioksidan alami sebagai alternatif antioksidan sintetik,” Jurnal Kimia dan Farmasi Indonesia, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 66–72, 2018.
[23] F. Rachmawati, S. Mulyani, and R. Hartono, “Aktivitas antioksidan flavonoid total pada ekstrak daun sirih (Piper betle L.) dengan metode DPPH,” Indonesian Journal of Natural Products, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 87–93, 2019.
[24] S. J. Santoso, D. Siswanto, and A. Kurniawan, “Hybrid of chitin and humic acid as high performance sorbent for Ni(II),” Journal of Surface Science, vol. 4, pp. 163, 2007.
[25] S.J. Santoso, D. Siswanto, S. Sudiono, and M. Sehol, “Synthesis and utilization of chitin–humic acid hybrid as sorbent for Cr(III),” Journal of Surface Science, vol. 4, pp. 161, 2007.
[26] S. Shafirany, et al. “Natural vs synthetic antioxidants: safety and efficacy,” Journal of Food Science and Nutrition, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 15–22, 2021.
[27] I. N. Suirta and I. A. R. A. Asih, “Aktivitas antioksidan alkaloid daun sirih (Piper betle L.) dengan metode DPPH,” Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 15–20, 2017.
[28] M. Wink, “Plant secondary metabolites: role in plant-insect interactions and human health,” Annual Plant Reviews, vol. 39, pp. 1–30, 2010.
[29] D. Wulandari, Y. Setiawan, and V. Paramita, “Penentuan kadar saponin dan uji aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak etanol daun sirih (Piper betle L.),” Jurnal Farmasi dan Ilmu Kefarmasian Indonesia, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 55–61, 2019.
[30] D. Zhou and L. Zhang, “Cellulose/chitin beads for adsorption of heavy metal,” Water Research, vol. 38, pp. 2846–2850, 2004.