Eksplorasi Dinamika Psikologis pada Individu dengan Skizofrenia Paranoid melalui Perspektif Psikologi Kognitif

Abstract

Skizofrenia paranoid merupakan gangguan psikotik yang ditandai oleh munculnya waham, halusinasi, serta distorsi dalam memahami realitas sehingga berdampak pada fungsi psikologis dan sosial individu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji dinamika skizofrenia paranoid melalui perspektif psikologi kognitif, khususnya terkait pembentukan skema kognitif, core belief, irrational belief, serta gangguan source monitoring dalam munculnya gejala psikosis. Penelitian menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi kasus terhadap satu partisipan laki-laki yang didiagnosis skizofrenia paranoid dan sedang menjalani perawatan di Rumah Sakit X. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui wawancara, observasi, dan studi dokumentasi, kemudian dianalisis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengalaman hidup partisipan sejak masa perkembangan membentuk skema kognitif maladaptif yang berkembang menjadi keyakinan inti negatif terkait tuntutan keberhasilan dan ketakutan mengecewakan orang tua. Tekanan lingkungan akademi, pengalaman kegagalan, serta kecelakaan saat latihan diduga menjadi faktor pemicu munculnya distorsi kognitif, perasaan terancam, dan gangguan source monitoring yang memunculkan halusinasi auditorik maupun visual. Selain itu, keyakinan budaya keluarga terhadap hal mistis turut memengaruhi interpretasi partisipan terhadap pengalaman psikologisnya. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa skizofrenia paranoid tidak hanya berkaitan dengan faktor biologis, tetapi juga melibatkan dinamika kognitif, pengalaman hidup, serta proses pemaknaan subjektif individu terhadap realitas.

Abstract

Paranoid schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and distortions in perceiving reality, which consequently affect an individual’s psychological and social functioning. This study aims to examine the dynamics of paranoid schizophrenia from a cognitive psychology perspective, particularly concerning the formation of cognitive schemas, core beliefs, irrational beliefs, and source monitoring disturbances in the emergence of psychotic symptoms. This research employed a qualitative method with a case study approach involving a male participant diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia who was undergoing treatment at Hospital X. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and documentation studies, and then were analyzed. The findings revealed that the participant’s life experiences since developmental stages contributed to the formation of maladaptive cognitive schemas, which later developed into negative core beliefs related to demands for achievement and fear of disappointing his parents. Academic pressure, experiences of failure, and an accident during training were identified as triggering factors for cognitive distortions, feelings of threat, and source monitoring disturbances that led to auditory and visual hallucinations. Furthermore, the family’s cultural beliefs regarding mystical phenomena also influenced the participant’s interpretation of his psychological experiences. These findings indicate that paranoid schizophrenia is not solely associated with biological factors, but also involves cognitive dynamics, life experiences, and the individual’s subjective meaning-making processes in interpreting reality.